西方媒体框架桎梏下中国媒体话语权的建构——以“瑞典中国游客事件”为例

doi:10.12002/j.bisu.282

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

建构国际媒体话语权对提升中国软实力和塑造国际形象有着重要的作用,然而中国的国际媒体话语一直以来都处于被西方媒体挤压和扭曲的弱势状态。为了探究其根源,本研究以框架理论为基础,通过对中西方新闻媒体中关于2018年9月发生的“瑞典中国游客事件”相关报道的话语分析和新闻框架效果进行对比,发现西方新闻媒体的框架体系更加成熟有效,他们在该事件中的“怀疑框架”和“解读框架”加深了西方受众对中国游客的偏见;而中国媒体缺乏应对国际事件的框架建构能力,所用的“弱者框架”和“谴责框架”没有充分考虑国际受众的接受程度,致使其展示的国际媒体话语没有足够的影响力与权威性。只有通过建构合适的框架、扩充和深化报道内容,才能在西方媒体的框架束缚中找到出路,有效建构中国国际媒体话语权。

关键词: 框架理论; 新闻框架效果; 媒体话语权; 受众接受度; 话语分析

Abstract:

The construction of international media discourse power plays an important role in enhancing China’s soft power and shaping its international image. However, China’s international media discourse has long been distorted by the Western media. Using Framing Theory to compare Western and Chinese news reports on an event involving Chinese tourists in Sweden in September 2018, this article probes media framing effects in Chinese and Western news media. The study finds that Western media is more effective in news framing, constructing frames like the “suspicion frame” and the “interpretation frame” for the event, which reinforced Western readers’ stereotypes of Chinese tourists. Chinese media, however, failed to realize the significance of media framing. Their “weakness frame” and “condemnation frame” ignored the acceptance of international audiences and consequently failed to achieve media discourse influence and authority. This study shows that to enhance media effect, Chinese news media need to learn how to effectively express Chinese cultural ideas and improve the influence of discourse communication. They need to analyze in depth what kind of frames can break through the barriers of cognitive biases and stereotypes that exist between the West and China, exploring a way of arousing the empathy of Western audiences through effective media discourse.

Keywords: Framing Theory; media framing effect; media discourse power; audience acceptance; discourse analysis

中图分类号:

H030

王建华,席静,康俊英. 西方媒体框架桎梏下中国媒体话语权的建构——以“瑞典中国游客事件”为例[J]. 北京第二外国语学院学报, 2020, 42(3): 34-47.

Wang Jianhua,Xi Jing,Kang Junying. Ways of Constructing Chinese Media Discourse Power in the Shackles of Western Media Frames as Exemplified by an Event Involving Chinese Tourists in Sweden[J]. Journal of Beijing International Studies University, 2020, 42(3): 34-47.

图/表 5

参考文献 30

[1]	Agha A. Meet mediatization[J]. Language & Communication, 2011(3):163~170.
[2]	Entman R M. Framing:Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm[J]. Journal of Communication, 1993(4):51~58. DOI URL PMID
[3]	Foucault M. The Archaeology of Knowledge[M]. Smith S A M（Trans.）. New York: Pantheon Books, 1972.
[4]	Gamson W & Modigliani A. The changing culture of affirmative action[C]//Wasburn P & Wasburn P C[J]. Research in Political Sociology. Greenwich, CT： JAI Press, 1987: 137~177.
[5]	Gamson W A, Croteau D, Hoynes W & Sasson T. Media images and the social construction of reality[J]. Annual Review of Sociology, 1992(18):373~393.
[6]	Goffman E. Frame Analysis：An Essay on the Organization of Experience[M]. New York: Harper & Row, 1974.
[7]	Hepp A. Cultures of Mediatization[M]. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013.
[8]	Krotz F & Krotz F. A concretization of mediatization: How mediatization works and why ‘mediatized worlds’ are a helpful concept for empirical mediatization research[J]. Empedocles: European Journal for the Philosophy of Communication, 2013(2):119~134.
[9]	Lakoff G. Don’t Think of an Elephant!: Know Your Values and Frame the Debate[M]. Hartford: Chelsea Green Publishing, 2004.
[10]	Lakoff G & Johnson M. Metaphors We Live by[M]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.
[11]	Okuda H. China’s “peaceful rise/peaceful development”: A case study of media frames of the rise of China[J]. Global Media and China, 2016(1~2):121~138.
[12]	Pinker S. The Blank Slate： The Modern Denial of Human Nature[M]. New York: Penguin Books Ltd., 2003.
[13]	Pinker S. The Stuff of Thought： Language as a Window into Human[M]. New York: Penguin Books Ltd., 2008.
[14]	Scheufele D A. Framing as a theory of media effects[J]. Journal of Communication, 1999(1):103~122.
[15]	Semetko H A & Valkenburg P M. Framing European politics: A content analysis of press and television news[J]. Journal of Communication, 2000 ( 2):93~109.
[16]	Tuchman G. Making News:A Study in the Construction of Reality[M]. New York: Free Press, 1978.
[17]	van Dijk T A. Discourse and Power[M]. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
[18]	陈雅莉. “自我”与“他者”的关系剖析:美国媒体在报道“南海仲裁案”中的意见话语和国家身份建构[J]. 亚太安全与海洋研究, 2018(5):18~33.
[19]	道格拉斯•凯尔纳. 凯尔纳．媒体文化：介于现代与后现代之间的文化研究、认同性与政治[M]. 周宪,许钧,主编. 丁宁,译. 北京: 商务印书馆, 2013.
[20]	李战子. 话语分析与新媒体研究[J]. 当代修辞学, 2016(4):46~55.
[21]	李智. 从权力话语到话语权力——兼对福柯话语理论的一种哲学批判[J]. 新视野, 2017(2):108~113.
[22]	梁婧玉, 汪少华. 政治语篇隐喻架构之分析——以布什和奥巴马的医保演说为例[J]. 陕西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2015(2):121~127.
[23]	齐瓦•孔达. 社会认知——洞悉人心的科学[M]. 周治金,朱新秤,译. 北京: 人民邮电出版社, 2013.
[24]	荣正通. 身份认知差异与中美关系中的南海问题[J]. 国际关系研究, 2016(2):140~152,158.
[25]	汪少华. 美国政治语篇的隐喻学分析——以布什和奥巴马的演讲为例[J]. 外语与外语教学, 2011(6):53~56.
[26]	吴立斌. 中国媒体的国际传播及影响力研究[D]. 北京:中共中央党校, 2011.
[27]	张焕萍. 论国际话语权的架构[J]. 对外传播, 2015(5):50~52.
[28]	张薇, 毛浩然, 汪少华. 突发公共卫生事件官方媒体报道的隐喻架构分析——基于SARS和H7N9疫情报道语料[J]. 福建师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2015(2):100~108.
[29]	张玉璞. 被“框架”束缚的中国老人:框架理论下老人摔倒事件中的老人媒介形象研究——基于2015年新浪网老人摔倒事件新闻报道的内容分析[J]. 戏剧之家, 2017(14):243~247.
[30]	赵永华, 刘佳莹. 政治新闻架构中的画框隐喻——基于《纽约时报》对乌克兰“橙色革命”报道的框架分析[J]. 俄罗斯研究, 2013(5):42~60.

中国媒体			西方媒体
关键词	频次	关键值	关键词	频次	关键值
racism	13	125.66	gui	35	338.27
said	71	102.17	incident	25	147.72
dalai	10	96.66	minhai	15	144.94
insulting	10	79.97	brutally	10	85.84
lama	8	77.33	dalai	8	77.29
Tibet	10	73.74	lama	8	77.29
strongly	13	68.95	killing	12	71.31
xenophobia	8	67.35	publisher	9	62.15
ethnic	10	65.38	rights	13	51.93
racial	11	62.41	diplomats	7	49.78
unacceptable	7	61.65	weibo	5	48.31
racist	5	48.33	accused	9	48.06
integrity	7	44.78	satirical	6	46.56
hatred	8	43.5	violated	6	44.57
insult	6	40.16	according	14	43.86
insulted	5	39.98	interview	9	43.84
outrageously	4	38.66	wrote	15	41.91
satirical	5	37.79	refused	10	40.16
ridiculed	4	31.06	brutal	6	40.14
openly	7	30.73	reporting	7	38.93
vicious	5	25.02	racist	4	38.64
maliciously	3	24.51	allegedly	5	36.01
totally	5	22.8	violating	5	36.01
brutally	3	22.3	saying	11	33.81
malicious	3	22.3	endangered	4	33.66

中国媒体			西方媒体
关键词	频次	关键值	关键词	频次	关键值
racism	13	125.66	gui	35	338.27
said	71	102.17	incident	25	147.72
dalai	10	96.66	minhai	15	144.94
insulting	10	79.97	brutally	10	85.84
lama	8	77.33	dalai	8	77.29
Tibet	10	73.74	lama	8	77.29
strongly	13	68.95	killing	12	71.31
xenophobia	8	67.35	publisher	9	62.15
ethnic	10	65.38	rights	13	51.93
racial	11	62.41	diplomats	7	49.78
unacceptable	7	61.65	weibo	5	48.31
racist	5	48.33	accused	9	48.06
integrity	7	44.78	satirical	6	46.56
hatred	8	43.5	violated	6	44.57
insult	6	40.16	according	14	43.86
insulted	5	39.98	interview	9	43.84
outrageously	4	38.66	wrote	15	41.91
satirical	5	37.79	refused	10	40.16
ridiculed	4	31.06	brutal	6	40.14
openly	7	30.73	reporting	7	38.93
vicious	5	25.02	racist	4	38.64
maliciously	3	24.51	allegedly	5	36.01
totally	5	22.8	violating	5	36.01
brutally	3	22.3	saying	11	33.81
malicious	3	22.3	endangered	4	33.66

媒体名称	报道篇数	词用	词形
《环球时报》	10	1 271	4 803
《中国日报》	9	923	3 426
《南华早报》	9	1 592	6 890
西方媒体	10	1 725	8 244

媒体名称	报道篇数	词用	词形
《环球时报》	10	1 271	4 803
《中国日报》	9	923	3 426
《南华早报》	9	1 592	6 890
西方媒体	10	1 725	8 244