汉英语逆向性搭配对比分析

doi:10.12002/j.bisu.418

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

逆向性搭配是一种非常特殊的语用现象，通过褒贬语义的对立来对某一褒义进行渲染或强调，往往能够获得一致性搭配无法获得的某种语义和情感表达效果。汉英语中都存在将褒义形容词与贬义副词进行搭配来表达褒义的逆向性搭配结构，如“帅呆了”“好得要死”和“damn good”“terribly glad”等。本文对逆向性搭配的概念作了界定，把研究范围限定在程度副词与形容词相搭配的情况，比较了汉英语逆向性搭配的形式特征，重点分析了汉英语程度副词的语义虚化现象及搭配特征，最后从话语语境、使用规约和情感表达3个维度对其表达机制进行了阐释。

关键词: 逆向性搭配; 褒义; 贬义; 汉英对比

Abstract:

Oppositional collocation is a particular pragmatic phenomenon that operates by contrasting positive and negative meanings to highlight a certain positive sense. This structure can achieve certain semantic and emotional effects that cannot usually be achieved through consistent semantic collocations. Both Chinese and English have such semantically-oppositional collocations; that is, a commendatory adjective plus a derogatory adverb means something extremely positive, such as 帅呆了 (handsome+dumb+le = extremely handsome), 好得要死 (good+de+wanting to die = extremely good), or damn good, terribly glad. This paper first presents a working definition that confines the research to the collocation between an adverb and an adjective. The formal features of this type of collocation in Chinese and in English are then compared. A key point is the analysis of degree adverbs in the two languages, which are believed to have undergone a certain degree of grammaticalization, together with the collocational features. The conclusion provides a three-dimensional interpretation of the collocation’s expressive mechanism, involving the discourse context, usage conventions, and expressions of emotion.

Keywords: oppositional collocation; commendatory; derogatory; Chinese-English contrast

中图分类号:

H030

王军. 汉英语逆向性搭配对比分析[J]. 北京第二外国语学院学报, 2022, 44(6): 19-31.

Wang Jun. A Contrastive Study of Chinese and English Oppositional Collocations[J]. Journal of Beijing International Studies University, 2022, 44(6): 19-31.

图/表 1

参考文献 29

[1]	Arnold I V. The English Word[M]. Moscow: Vyssaja Skola,1986.
[2]	Blakemore D. On the descriptive ineffability of expressive meaning[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2011, 43(14):3537-3550.
[3]	Christie C. The relevance of taboo language:An analysis of the indexical values of swearwords[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2013, 58:152-169.
[4]	Croom A M. How to do things with slurs:Studies in the way of derogatory words[J]. Language and Communication, 2013, 33(3):177-204.
[5]	Culpeper J. Impoliteness:Using Language to Cause Offence[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
[6]	Güvendir E. Why are males inclined to use strong swear words more than females? An evolutionary explanation based on male intergroup aggressiveness[J]. Language Sciences, 2015, 50:133-139.
[7]	Wales K. A Dictionary of Stylistics[M]. London: Longman,1989.
[8]	曹京渊. 异常搭配的语义语用分析[J]. 福建外语, 2000(3):20-24.
[9]	陈颖. 语义韵视角下虚化程度副词研究[J]. 外国语文, 2012, 28(6):80-83.
[10]	程晓. 也谈禁忌语[J]. 北京第二外国语学院学报, 2000(6):52-54.
[11]	方芳. 现代汉语极限性程度补语的多维考察[D]. 成都: 四川大学, 2006.
[12]	郭先珍, 王玲玲. 褒义、贬义词在搭配中的方向性[J]. 中国人民大学学报, 1991, 5(6):96-100.
[13]	贾德霖. 立体思维、辐射联想与线性言语链——对词语异常搭配的心理描述[J]. 外国语, 1992(3):45-48,68.
[14]	李国南. 有关OXYMORON的几个问题[J]. 外国语, 2001(4):28-32.
[15]	李宗江. 几个含“死”义动词的虚化轨迹[J]. 古汉语研究, 2007(1):39-45.
[16]	刘芬, 白解红. 英语“情感强化副词+形容词”构式的语义压制[J]. 外语教学与研究, 2019(5):665-676.
[17]	刘佳. 褒贬义词的逆向性搭配研究[D]. 苏州: 苏州大学, 2018.
[18]	刘佳, 王军. 构式语法视角下的汉语逆向性搭配研究[J]. 外语教学, 2017, 38(3):40-44.
[19]	马庆株. 汉语动词和动词性结构[M]. 北京: 北京语言学院出版社,1992.
[20]	马伟林. 影响禁忌语发展的社会因素透析[J]. 北京第二外国语学院学报, 2001(6):34-39.
[21]	唐贤清, 陈丽. “死”作程度补语的历时发展及跨语言考察[J]. 语言研究, 2011, 31(3):79-85.
[22]	王军. 逆向性搭配中的语义韵[J]. 外文研究, 2016, 4(1):1-10.
[23]	王世凯. “去”和“多”作形容词程度补语的原因——兼谈述程式结构语法意义的分野[J]. 语文研究, 2010(1):44-48.
[24]	王文斌, 毛智慧. 汉英表量结构中异常搭配的隐喻构建机制[J]. 外国语文, 2009, 25(3):48-53.
[25]	卫乃兴. 基于语料库学生英语中的语义韵对比研究[J]. 外语学刊, 2006(5):50-54.
[26]	文旭. 矛盾修饰法纵横谈[J]. 解放军外语学院学报, 1995(3):23-28,88.
[27]	赵金贞, 程春松. 程度副词highly和terribly的语义韵与语域特征比较研究——一项基于语料库的研究[J]. 长春教育学院学报, 2011(7):36-38.
[28]	赵日新. 形容词带程度补语结构的分析[J]. 语言教学与研究, 2001(6):45-51.
[29]	周丫. 现代汉语“形容词+极限性程度补语”结构分析[J]. 现代语文, 2015(4):80-81.

续表
副词	形容词	频次	副词	形容词	频次
副词	形容词	频次	副词	形容词	频次
dead	easy =	33	bloody	good +	115
	right =	23		awful -	74
	white =	17		great +	69
	funny -	16		stupid -	44
	set =	16		big =	28
	boring -	14		marvelous +	22
	keen =	14		old =	22
	straight =	14		ridiculous -	18
dead	lucky +	13	bloody	silly -	18
dead	good +	13	bloody	useless -	17

续表
副词	形容词	频次	副词	形容词	频次
副词	形容词	频次	副词	形容词	频次
dead	easy =	33	bloody	good +	115
	right =	23		awful -	74
	white =	17		great +	69
	funny -	16		stupid -	44
	set =	16		big =	28
	boring -	14		marvelous +	22
	keen =	14		old =	22
	straight =	14		ridiculous -	18
dead	lucky +	13	bloody	silly -	18
dead	good +	13	bloody	useless -	17