Metonymic cognition as well as its linguistic representation is a hot topic in contemporary cognitive linguistics. Existing research has supplied ample discussion of all sorts of contiguity relations underlying metonymic cognition and systematic description of corresponding linguistic representation and speech act realization, and revealed the motivation and effects of metonymy use. The present study addresses an under-explored type of metonymy, i.e. metonymy realized by adjective opposites with regard to its cognitive foundation, cognitive mode and features, and metaphorization. It will be argued that the part-whole relation based on opposition gives rise to the metonymic usage of adjective opposites, and the derived metonymic usages may undergo both conceptual and grammatical metaphorization. Specifically, metonymies represented by adjective opposites involve either the substitution of the whole of an object for part of it (or the other way round), or that of a property of the object for the object itself; thus, they are cognitively motivated. Yet, in actual communication, the emergence of such metonymies depends on the context at the moment. Unless a part or a property of the object becomes salient in the current discourse, can it be used to refer to the whole object, or be substituted by the object. In addition, since shape and property stand for different aspects of an object from process and result, the differences in the focus with which the cognizers perceive them will yield different cognitive results, giving rise to nominalization or other grammatical-metaphoric processes. The metonymization as well as subsequent conceptual and grammatical metaphorization of the adjective opposites is not unique to Chinese language or cognition, but the combinational power of its compounding does facilitate the processes. This study will shed light on the cognitive mechanism of the metonymic usages of the opposites and provide implications for the teaching of adjective opposites.

Chinese President Xi Jinping’s visit to Africa on December 1, 2015 aroused the attention of news media in South Africa (SA). Based on this opportunity, the SA broadsheets published multiple articles on Sino-Africa relationship. This paper used Appraisal Theory, Lexis Nexis Academic data and the analytic tool of Wmatrix to explore the news reports of the weekly state visit by the three SA broadsheets, i.e. The Star, Cape Times and Cape Argus. The findings are that “helping” is a key semantic domain of this event, and that the appraisal linguistic resources in terms of capacity, propriety, reaction and valuation are mostly positive. Moreover, there is a high frequency of the Chinese and African leaders and scholars, while there is a lower frequency of the Western scholars and news media, which highlights the local voices of African media. African media’s active involvement in the reports on the state visit helped the international audience to construct the objective and rational perceptions of Sino-Africa relations. Leaders and scholars in Africa are against the propaganda that China is a coloniser in Africa. On the contrary, they appreciate China’s help and hold a positive attitude towards Sino-Africa relations. This corpus-based study revealed the voices of local Africa media, which has implications for the future media practices both in China and Africa.

This is a survey about dialect usage and attitudes through questionnaires. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are employed. The research is based upon the case study of Jiaodong dialect in Weihai. First, a questionnaire about the dialect status and situation is conducted in the paper. It shows in the survey of language usage in this area that residents in this area have a good command of Putonghua. Ninety percent of them can communicate with it very well. As for the use of dialect, people of different groups vary. Ages, occupations and educational levels are all important factors which have great influence upon people’s use of the dialect. And the research finds that residents’ comprehension and command of Jiaodong dialect is going down. So we can come to a conclusion that the dialect is in danger or in potential danger. Second, people’s attitudes towards Jiaodong dialect are studied. The survey of dialect development shows that people now have an optimistic attitude towards the present situation of it; they do not have much consideration about the future tendency of the dialect and have not realized the importance of protecting it. Third, people’s views of the protection polices are also surveyed in this paper and it finds that people’s opinions vary according to their ages. The psychological reasons behind these are fully analyzed here. In addition, some constructive suggestions about dialect protections are put forward at the end of the study and it is hoped that they can be of some reference and help for the government.

The phenomenon of “One Voice Two Sounds” is found to be existent in the texts of the great Chinese novel A Dream of Red Mansions, and widely exploited in the names, conversations and poems in the novel as well. This paper employs the pun theory of Delabastita to conduct a comparative research between the two English versions rendered by David Hawkes & John Minford and Yang Xianyi & Gladys Yang. Detailed examples have been carefully chosen for comparative studies, and the discrepancies and pros and cons between the two translations have been tentatively discussed. This research finds that Yang and Hawkes adopt different translation strategies in translating the concealed and connotative meanings of the puns. They either copy the original Chinese puns, or use compensation methods, or absolutely abandon the puns, or maintain parts of the puns, so as to create different effects in this figure of speech. However, confined to the differences between Chinese language and English language and the two different cultures, both of these two versions do not completely convey the connotative meanings in the puns so that readers of the English versions cannot appreciate the ingenuity of the particular “One Voice Two Sounds” as much as the Chinese readers do. Moreover, when conducting the comparative studies between different translations of the novel A Dream of Red Mansions, the prosodic harmony in the translated language should be emphasized, and the researchers should enhance their consciousness of differences in the Chinese versions of this novel.

Since the 1970s, accreditation tests for translators and interpreters have been successively held in Australia, the USA, Canada, the UK and China. However, few comparative studies of these accreditation tests have been conducted. Therefore, this paper first provides an overview of major accreditation tests for translators and interpreters in the world. A comparison between these tests is then carried out based on their similarities and differences. They are mainly in five aspects, namely, administering organizations, eligibility requirements, contents of the tests, marking procedures and continuing education for the certification. Through the comparison, it is suggested that we can learn from the successful experiences of other countries to make China Accreditation Test for Translators and Interpreters (CATTI) better serve the translation and interpreting industry. More specifically, for the development of both the test system and test-takers, it is recommended that we implement a policy of eligibility requirements, create a testing environment which is close to a real-life translation assignment and place great emphasis on examining test-takers’ knowledge and awareness of professional ethics. Besides, translation tests on certain levels should be in a specific language pair and direction – from or into Chinese. As for the preparation for CATTI, a test preparation service system is expected to be established so as to familiarize more potential test-takers with the test. In addition, to support certified translators, it is vital to establish a social service system for such credentials and job opportunities, which means we should formulate a policy stipulating that certain translation projects can only be commissioned to certified translators. Finally, to meet the changing social environment, attention should also be paid to life-long learning after the certification.

The ever-growing global proliferation of translation studies has produced a multitude of research approaches and models, and a great mission as well for scholars in this field to expand views in multicultural contexts for more innovative research approaches and the systematization of translation theories in the new century.The cross-discipline turn of translation studies should refer to the theoretical fruit and research methods of other disciplines which contribute to the complexity and diversity of translation study approaches, and bring effect and inspiration to the studies and practices in other fields vice versa. By retrospection on the growth of translation studies, the author discusses the role of varied research approaches for the disciplinary evolvement of translation studies, probes into the turn of cross-disciplinary comprehensive research of translation, conducts a reflective analysis of the strengthening of translation studies, its construction as a discipline, and the integration with other research paradigms of related disciplines, and finally puts forward the new frontiers and breakthroughs in future international research on translation. Scholars in translation studies are highly expected to get rid of “the only approach” mindset, and hold an open, compatible and international perspective in the discussion of translation studies The findings and analysis in this paper cast light on the significance of grasping the development of translation studies as a discipline and the necessity of sorting out the cutting-edge research interests in this field, and provide references for scholars to identify, from the height of methodology, the new frontiers of international translation studies in the future.

This article traces back to the origin of “holy dread”, and analyzes the statements of Greek and Hebrew civilizations on this idea, then revises Borges’ particular understanding on "holy dread", and at last reveals the essential features and positive meaning of it; departing from this point, the paper makes an alternative explanation on Borges’ several fictions.

The contemporary situation ofthe mixtureforheterogeneous ethnic groups is increasingly prominent, and to promote that cross-border research has increasingly become an important field of literary aesthetics. In the “critical race studies” of contemporary European-American literature, the poetics of "Chicana/Chicano" based on the mixed experience of "Mexican-American" ethnic groups in the southwest of U. S. has provided the vision, which differs from the mainstream theory of the Western essentialism, and enriched the space of literary interpretation by advocating the hybrid consciousness of postcolonial criticism and feminism in the context of marginal culture. American feminist critic Gloria Anzaldua’s theory of "New Mestiza", which based itself upon the “Borderlands/La Frontera”, would help us understand the problematics of Chicana, and examine feminist theory on the position of colored women and the cross-border ethnic identity of subculture. The Yellow Woman stories of ethnic groups in New Mexico implythe "local knowledge" of Indian culture. American Chicana critic Paula Gunn Allen breaks a new path in her "tribal-feminism" interpretation of a typical story “Kochinnenako (Yellow Woman)” among them in her famous thesis “Kochinnenako in Academe: Three Approaches to Interpreting a Keres Indian Tale” . The Chicana poetics highlights the Cross-border value and subcultural significance of literary criticism in the context of cultural hybridity. From the perspective of the combination of literary theory and literary critical practice, the interpretation of Chicana poetics in the United States is full of theoretical enlightenment.

Dangling Man is an early novel by Saul Bellow who is a famous Jewish American novelist. French Feminist Irigaray puts forward the ideas of women’s being wrongly represented and women’s voice being repressed and helps us better understand the novel. An analysis of women’s images in Dangling Man from the perspective of Irigaray’s feminism reveals the fact that Joseph’s wife Iva and his confidante Kitty are women’s images that are wrongly represented .Iva is considered by her husband as his compensation and reflection and Kitty is only considered as a play mate by Joseph. This kind of women images stems from a society with androcentrism and they deepen our understanding of American women’s status during World War II. The two kinds of images show that in World War II women enjoyed more freedom but were still controlled by men. The protagonist’s mother-in-law Katy and his niece Etta are women’s images whose voices were repressed. The views of Joseph’s mother-in-law are neglected by Joseph and her husband and Etta’s view is completely neglected by Joseph. This kind of women images illustrate the lack of women’s discourse right contributes greatly to man’s alienation and rootless state because in that situation men as Joseph refuse to communicate with the opposite sex and accept the outside world. With the shaping of the two kinds of women’s images the novel illustrates the truth that correct views of women and respect for women’s discourse right is the only way to achieve harmonious relationship between men and women.

When we observe the integrated social organization and control technology from the view of Modernity, we will find that after industrialization, there are a lot of changes happen in the fields of system organization, genealogy of knowledge and meaning design, etc. How to understand the transitions of modernity, such as the changes on social institution, individual disposition, concept value, that is the significant question for modern social and humanity thoughts must confront.
The peculiarity of Bourdieu’s sociology is it goes beyond the method of classical philosophy of consciousness to reflect on physical and pre-conscious practices, and it proposes the logic of hoxa or the logic of practices. On this level, the article attempts to investigate the systematical ideas of Pierre Boudieu’s cultural sociology, and study on the influences, acceptances and transformations of some concepts in fields of literature and literary criticism such as body-habitus, cultural capital, symbolic capital. In the global era, both of theory travel and knowledge flow affect the knowledge production and cultural vision. This article attempts to focus attention on the interactive relationship between the historical reality and the frontier theories as well as thought field. From 1990s, Bourdieu’s sociology was translated and introduced into China at the initial phase, the unique cultural and sociological insight of his sociology has inspired Chinese literary research and cultural study to move towards a spatial and relational way of thinking. Moreover, this article seek to analyse academic variations through applying Bourdieu’s concept of “Field of Literature” on experiences conversion and discourses alteration in modern Chinese literature with the huge changes of modern society.