A Study of the Cognitive Mechanisms Underlying the Spatialization of TIME

Abstract

Abstract: According to the relevant studies，metaphor is taken as the only cognitive mechanism that underlies the spatialization of TIME．However，we hold that apart from the metaphor mechanism，the metonymy mechanism and the cooperating metaphor and metonymy mechanism also contribute to the spatialization of TIME．This study reveals that the spatialization of TIME is not strictly equal to the spatial metaphorization of TIME．In some cases，metonymy not only works independently on the spatialization of TIME，but it also cooperates with metaphor in this process．In this way，TIME assumes the semantic features of SPACE．

Keywords: spatialization of TIME; metaphor; metonymy; cognitive mechanism

摘要： 时间概念空间化的相关研究认为，隐喻是这一现象背后的唯一内在认知机制。本文认为，作用于时间概念空间化的认知机制除了隐喻机制之外，还有转喻机制和隐转喻协同机制。本研究表明，时间的空间化并不完全等同于时间的空间隐喻化；在某些情况下，转喻认知机制不仅可以单独作用于时间的空间化过程，而且还可以协同隐喻机制，共同作用于此过程，从而使时间概念获得空间意义特征。

关键词: 时间的空间化, 隐喻, 转喻, 认知机制

Lu Weizhong, Hao Wenhua. A Study of the Cognitive Mechanisms Underlying the Spatialization of TIME[J]. Journal of Beijing International Studies University, 2013, 35(12): 18-23.

卢卫中郝文华. 时间概念空间化的认知机制研究[J]. 北京第二外国语学院学报, 2013, 35(12): 18-23.

References

［1］Akhundov，M．Conceptions of Space and Time ［M］．Cambridge：The MIT Press，1986．
［2］Alac，M．& Coulson，S．The Man，the Key，or the Car ：Who or What is Parked out back?［J］．Cognitive Science Online，2004，（2）：21~34．
［3］Alverson，H．Semantics and Experience: Universal Metaphors of Time in English, Mandarin, Hindi and Sesotho［M］．Baltimore：Johns Hopkins University Press，1994．
［4］Boroditsky，L．Metaphoric Structuring：Understanding Time through Spatial Metaphors ［J］．Cognition，2000，（1）：1~28．
［5］Dahl，O．When the Future Comes from behind：Malagasy and other Time Concepts and some Consequences for Communication［J］．International Journal of Intercultural Relations，1995，（2）：197~210．
［6］Gentner，D．，M．Imai & L．Boroditsky．As Time Goes by：Evidence for Two Systems in Processing Space-time Metaphors［J］．Language and Cognitive Processes，2002，（5）：537~565．
［7］Goossens，L．Metaphtonymy：The Interaction of Metaphor and Metonymy in Expressions for Linguistic Action［J］．Cognitive Linguistics，2009，（3）：323~342．
［8］Hill，C．A．Up/Down，Front/Back，Left/Right ：A Contrastive Study of Hausa and English［A］．In J．Weissenbord & W．Klein（eds）．Here and There: Cross-linguistic Studies on Deixis and Demonstration［C］．Amsterdam：John Benjamins，1982：13~42．
［9］Klein，H．The Future Precedes the Past ：Time in Toba［J］．Word，1987，（38）：173~185．
［10］Lakoff，G．Women , Fire , a n d D a n g e ro u s Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind ［M］．Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1987．
［11］Lakoff，G．& M．Johnson．Metaphors We Live by［M］．Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1980．
［12］Lakoff，G．& M．Johnson．Philosophy in the Flesh—the Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought［M］．New York：Basic Books，1999．
［13］McGlone，M．S．& J．L．Harding．Back （or Forward?）to the Future：The Role of Perspective in Temporal Comprehension［J］．Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition，1998，（24）：1211~1223．
［14］Moore，K．E．Space-to-time Mappings and Temporal Concepts［J］．Cognitive Linguistics，2006，（2）：199~244．
［15］Nunez，R．，and Sweetser，E．With the Future behind them：Convergent Evidence from Aymara Language and Gesture in the Cross-linguistic Comparison of Spatial Construals of Time［J］．Cogn. Sci，2006，（30）：133~146．
［16］Nagy，W．E．Figurative Patterns and Redundancy in the Lexicon［P］．Unpublished Thesis．San Diego：University of California，1974．
［17］Vanparys，J．Source Metaphors in English ［J］．Journal of Pragmatics，1984，（8）：395~411．
［18］Yu，N．The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor: A Perspective from Chinese［P］．Unpublished Thesis．Tucson：University of Arizona，1996．
［19］郭熙煌．语言认知的哲学探源［M］．湖北：华中师范大学出版社，2009．
［20］蓝纯．从认知角度看汉语的空间隐喻［J］．外语教学与研究，1999，（4）：7~12．
［21］刘丽虹，张积家．时间的空间隐喻对汉语母语者时间认知的影响［J］．外语教学与研究，2009，（4）：266~271．
［22］王永红．从汉英时间隐喻之异同看隐喻与文化的关系［J］．武汉理工大学学报，2001，（2）：171~175．
［23］杨艳．汉语中的时间隐喻［J］．东南大学学报，2001，（3）：113~116．
［24］张辉，卢卫中．认知转喻［M］．上海：上海外语教育出版社，2010．
［25］张建理，丁展平．时间隐喻在英汉词汇中的对比研究［J］．外语与外语教学，2003，（9）：30~34．

[1]	Wei Zaijiang. Latest Development in Research on Conceptual Metonymy [J]. Journal of Beijing International Studies University, 2023, 45(5): 147-160.
[2]	Shen Yanping. A Study of the Metonymic Inferencing Mechanism of Dialogic Syntactic Resonance [J]. Journal of Beijing International Studies University, 2023, 45(3): 136-150.
[3]	Zhao Xiufeng. A Social-cognitive Study of Ecological Civilization Discourse [J]. Journal of Beijing International Studies University, 2023, 45(3): 29-44.
[4]	Lin Zhengjun, Xia Shizhou. Realization of Ideational Grammatical Metaphor through Conceptual Metaphor and Conceptual Metonymy [J]. Journal of Beijing International Studies University, 2023, 45(3): 3-17.
[5]	Cheng Xi. A Contrastive Study of the Deployment of Grammatical Metaphors in English and Chinese Political Discourses Based on Mode Differentiation [J]. Journal of Beijing International Studies University, 2023, 45(1): 129-145.
[6]	Zhong Lingli, Liu Zhengguang, Li Siyi. A Study of the Conceptual Metaphor of “Road” and the Construction of National Identity in Diplomatic Discourse from the Perspective of CMA — A Case Study of President Xi Jinping’s Series of Diplomatic Speeches [J]. Journal of Beijing International Studies University, 2022, 44(6): 114-132.
[7]	Chen Hui, Lu Weizhong. A Contrastive Study of Metaphorical Construction of China’s Image in the Media in China and the US: A Case Study of News Reports on the Sino-US Trade War [J]. Journal of Beijing International Studies University, 2022, 44(6): 133-147.
[8]	Sun Yi, Li Mingming. Identification, Understanding and Translation of Deliberate Metaphors in Diplomatic Discourse of Great Powers with Chinese Characteristics [J]. Journal of Beijing International Studies University, 2022, 44(6): 32-50.
[9]	Wang Hui, Xin Bin, Cheng Ruya. Research on the Social Constructive Role of Metaphors in News Coverage of “US Withdrawal from TPP” by Mainstream US Media [J]. Journal of Beijing International Studies University, 2022, 44(6): 68-90.
[10]	Peng Zhuo. New Trends in the Study of Metaphors, Similes, Metonymies, and Their Interaction in the Theoretical Framework of Relevance Theory [J]. Journal of Beijing International Studies University, 2022, 44(4): 123-139.
[11]	Zhao Xiufeng. Multimodal Metaphors in Political Posters on Socialist Core Values [J]. Journal of Beijing International Studies University, 2022, 44(2): 17-30.
[12]	Lu Lu. The Spatial Dimension and Its Theological Metaphors in the Divine Comedy [J]. Journal of Beijing International Studies University, 2022, 44(1): 115-127.
[13]	Fan Wuqiu, Zou Furong. Diplomatic Discourse and the Construction of National Identity from the Perspective of Critical Metaphor Analysis: A Case Study of Chinese Leaders’ Special Addresses at the Opening Ceremonies of the Summer Davos (2007-2018) [J]. Journal of Beijing International Studies University, 2021, 43(3): 60-72.
[14]	Du Fengjiao, Liu Zhiyuan. A Review of Conceptual Metonymy: Methodological, Theoretical, and Descriptive Issues [J]. Journal of Beijing International Studies University, 2021, 43(1): 110-120.
[15]	Wang Shaohua,Ji Yan. A Study of the Frames in Chinese Clean Governance Discourse — A Case Study of A Compilation of Xi Jinping’s Selected Remarks on Clean Governance and the Fight Against Corruption [J]. Journal of Beijing International Studies University, 2020, 42(3): 22-33.