To construct a Europe which surpasses the notion of “national being” is the implicit theme in all of Curtius’ works. He insists to deal with the literary culture on the supranational plan. However, this theme is under strong criticism from Jauss and other German intellectuals who are influenced by Nazi’s ideology. In spite of this situation, he attempts to go beyond the national stereotypes so as to find out the concept of European identity. He explores a European view of national differences. On the basis of solid historical documents, the paper analyzes the conscience of Europe of Curtius and his detractors especially Jauss and Flasche, showing that the former’s latin Europe, united by a supranational culture and established via texts and philological practice, poses a challenge to Nazi’s ideology. Moreover, it indicates how ridiculous it is to abuse Curtius of cooperating with Nazism and being lack of historical conscience. In fact, what he rejects puts Nazi’s identical discourse into question. Curtius’ European vision is developed with a Europe in ruins. It presents an actual interest and encourages to rebuild the republic of literature on a ground which is much larger than that of a centripetal eurocentrism. It warns us against the cultural nationalism which sanctions and legitimates the political nationalism.

From the social dimension of multimodal metaphor, the present study takes as examples the multimodal metaphorical discourses related to China in the Economist to conduct a critical analysis over the construction of social phenomenon by multimodal scenarios. Meticulous corpus-based analysis discovers five frequent metaphor scenarios: CONFLICT/WAR, CONTEST, GAME/PERFORMANCE, JOURNEY and FRIENDS/LIFE, of which CONFLICT/WAR is the most frequent, nearly up to 50%. This paper resorts to instance analysis to reveal the myth how CONFLICT/WAR metaphor scenarios are employed to construct negative image of China. By virtue of collaborations of such multimodal means as images, colors, space arrangement as well as linear verbal texts, this type of multimodal metaphor scenarios interweave metonymy and metaphor chains into fictive narrative scenarios, invoking story logics to construe the target concepts. Data analysis reveals that such subdomains within the source domain as means of KILLING, WEAPON, DEFENCE WORKS are profiled and selectively mapped into the target domains, concertedly constructing an unified image of hegemony, charged with negative assumptions and critical stance. This image conforms to the entrenched stereotypes, but also facilities its media mission of shaping and spreading the public opinion of CHINA THREAT. In regard to the nature of propaganda, readers are encouraged to adopt a critical view with strong awareness of the constructiveness of metaphor scenario.

On the basis of 130 printed anti-corruption advertisements, the present study gives a systematic account of the multimodal metaphors and metonymies occurring in such genre. The findings are as follows: (1) The multimodal metaphors and metonymies center around five major topics: “corrupt officials”“corruption”“p unishment”“upright officials” and “uprightness”. (2) The multimodal metaphors are mainly grounded in three conceptual metaphors: HIGH LEVEL THING/ATTRIBUTE IS LOW LEVEL THING/ATTRIBUTE, ABSTRACT CONCEPT IS CONCRETE OBJECT and ACTION IS THE EXERTION OF FORCE; The multimodal metonymies are rooted in six conceptual metonymies: DEFINING PROPERTY FOR CATEGORY, PART OF THE THING FOR THE WHOLE THING, INSTRUMENT FOR ACTION, SIGN FOR CONCEPT, OBJECT FOR CONCEPT and OBJECT FOR RELEVANT PEOPLE. Therefore, the multimodal metaphors and metonymies detected from the data exhibit an orderly and systematic manifestation. (3) The multimodal metaphors and metonymies perform the acts of the clarifying, praising, criticizing, warning and highlighting which form into the basic strategy for the construction of the theme of “combating corruption and upholding integrity”. The strategy is labeled as self-legitimization and other-delegitimization. Metaphors and metonymies are conceptual in nature but also serve as mirrors reflecting social representations. This paper thus aids to enhance the systematicity of multimodal metaphor and metonymy researches and promote the mainstream value of anti-corruption.

 

The outset of translation technology research can be traced back to the 1940s. In the past several decades, as a result of the rapid development in computer science, information technology, computational linguistics, terminology studies, and other related disciplines, translation technology has become an essential norm in translation practice, an important part of translation studies, a new paradigm of translation pedagogy, and a major trend in the industry. In a bid to get an overview of translation technology studies in China, this paper, by employing CiteSpace V, a scientometric tool, analyzes the metadata of all the related research papers, which fall into the category of translation technology studies, published in CNKI. With an aim to uncover the diachronic evolvement and current situation of this research field, the author probes into the number of articles published annually, the major magazines that carry the papers, the major research areas, high-frequency keywords and major research institutions that produce a large number of papers. Finally, with the assistance knowledge graphs, the author comes up with the following findings: the research has peaked in the past decade, with a focus on the fundamental research and application development of machine translation. In the end, suggestions for further research are put forward. This paper will hopefully provide researchers with food for thought and therefore facilitate translation technology studies in China.

The construction of translatological system is an important aspect of translatology as a modern discipline and many scholars at home and abroad have tried to construct a variety of translatological systems from different perspectives. Particularly in China, the research in this respect was at one time the mainstream and highlight of contemporary Chinese translation studies, which bears somewhat Chinese characteristics. Liu Miqing, a fruitful and influential contemporary Chinese translation theorist, covers many fields in his translation research. He has been involved in the construction of his translatological system since the 1980s, and has taken it as one of his main research focuses since then. In his nearly 40 years’ academic career, he has continually put forth newly revised editions of his translatological system. Thus, how has he constructed his translatological system? What are the features of his construction? What are the main problems? What significance and enlightenments can his research bring to the contemporary Chinese translation studies? This paper is intended to give tentative answers to these questions. Liu’s translatological system is first divided into two sub-systems: “is” system and “ought to” system. On the basis of this division, the paper gives an account of how he has constructed the two sub-systems respectively. Then some remarks are made on his translatological system, especially his virtual system, from both diachronic and synchronic perspectives. Then four features of the construction of his translatological system are pointed out. Meanwhile, two problems of his research are pointed out. Finally, the paper summarizes the significance and enlightenments of his work for the current research on the translation studies (including the translatological system) in China. This case study aims to display one of the efforts a Chinese translation researcher has made in constructing the Chinese translatological system since the 1980s, hoping to provide some referential and reflective perspectives for the further improvement of Chinese translatological system and the research on the current translation studies in China.

Gu Shouchang’s translations of Shakespeare’s plays and his Shakespeare studies have significant academic value in the history of Chinese Shakespeare study. This paper aims to illustrate the important role of his study through his translation works and studies. He highlighted the importance of choosing versions in translating and studying of Shakespeare’s plays, emphasized its guiding significance in analyzing contexts and characters, and pointed out some problems in some famous Chinese versions of Shakespeare’s works. He also believed that scholars should pay attention to the language features in the age of Elizabeth I, and translators should try their best to preserve and reproduce Elizabethan language and words such as slangs, puns, etc. and the corresponding metaphors. The language of Shakespeare’s plays is the basic element and origin for us to make research on Shakespeare. We can study the translation works of Shakespeare from linguistic point of view to analyze characters and language features in his plays. Gu disapproved of some translators’ domesticating translation strategy such as translating Shakespeare’s play with the forms of Chinese Yuan Drama. When we do the translation work of Shakespeare’s plays, we should focus on the style and artistic conception as well as the dramatic elements of Shakespeare’s works since his plays are poetic dramas.

As is known to us all, the United States is a nation of immigrants. It has been plagued by considerable increase in the size of the illegal population since the 1980s. Illegal immigration issue has been one of the major concerns of the government, the academia and the populace. Based on the latest statistics available and case study, the paper is designed to make an analysis of the efficacy as well as the legislation passed by and measures taken by the U.S. federal government to curb the illegal immigration flow. Then it is pointed out that the illegal immigration issue is more than a political one, and it involves economic, racial and diplomatic factors as well. Constrained by these contributing factors, the U.S. federal government has created loopholes in the illegal immigration policy and has been lax about enforcing the laws. Consequently, while the level of new illegal immigration is lower than a decade ago and the pace of illegal immigration has slowed significantly, the enormous ongoing scale of illegal immigration is a clear indication that the United States has not come close to controlling it. It is safe to say that the illegal immigration issue is and will be a thorny issue for the U.S. government.