Folk language, as the carrier of local literature, has drawn translators’ attention to its translation. The model of the translation by sinologists is usually considered to be one of the successful ways for the dissemination of the Chinese culture to go global, Goldblatt’s and Jullia Lovell’s translations of Chinese contemporary literature being the case. The research on their different strategies and motives will be helpful for the study of the translation model and the like. This article, choosing folk languages in Goldblatt’s The Republic of Wine and Jullia Lovell’s The Real Story of Ah-Q and Other Tales of China as the subjects, analyzes Goldblatt’s and Jullia Lovell’s translation strategies and motives for their behaviors. In a word, being a scholarly translator, one can display the most profound in a culture.

As a kind of polite speech, sympathy discourses have the pragmatic function of enhancing rapport relationship(García, 2012). Based on García’s theory on sympathy discourses,  relational face concept by Spencer-Oatey(2002) and politeness maxims by GU Yueguo(1992), the article analyzes the sympathy discourses from Dream of the Red Chamber to show the discourses’ face-saving process, so as to explore their rapport-constructing mechanism. The article finds that in communication, sympathy discourses provide the addressees with the three association rights of interactional association/dissociation, affective association/dissociation and respect through three sympathetical strategies, which include involvement (the principle that people should have appropriate amounts and types of “activity” involvement with others), empathy (the belief that people should share appropriate concerns, feelings and interests with others) and respect (the belief that people should show appropriate amounts of respectfulness for others). Association rights act as the “access” to the addressees’ overall face. Through association rights, the addressees’ identity face is firstly enhanced and their behavioral expectations are satisfied. As a result of the process, the addressees’ two face elements at individual level-equality rights and quality face, and further their face as a whole are maintained so that their face sensitivity and interactional wants are satisfied in the end. Studying the sympathy discourses in Chinese, the article argues that, restricted by Chinese culture and its politeness maxims, the rapport-constructing process of the sympathy discourses and the communicative strategies in it show some Chinese cultural characteristics as well as the common ones.

Evaluative expression is a social activity in which the evaluator conveys the evaluative results to others consciously and purposefully with the help of certain symbolic system. Therefore, all the language symbols which indicate or imply speakers’ standpoints, feelings, attitudes and deal with the relationship, such as vocabulary, syntactic structure and discourse, all belong to the category of evaluation. The modern Chinese evaluation system is an orderly system composed of sublevels of the language signs within the evaluation category. Based on the above re-definition and re-classification of the evaluation system within the framework of the Systemic Functional Linguistics, firstly the present work combines the methods of quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis. Secondly, it collects statistics of language data, analyzes the expression forms of evaluation system at different levels of language field through the modal particle Dele(得了). At the level of vocabulary, “Dele(得了)” may be used alternately with evaluative adverbs, meta-language and adjectives to emphasize and reflect subjectively speaker’s strong feelings, emotions, attitudes and standpoints. At the level of syntax, the combination of evaluation system and Dele(得了) has its own sentence structure and in most cases tends to use causative sentence pattern. Evaluation system can also be expressed in the form of metaphor, mainly including modality metaphor and mood metaphor. To sum up, the evaluation system can be reflected variously at each level of language field. The use of different evaluative expression depends on the speaker’s attitudes, expressive habits, occasions, etc.

The previous studies always define tense-aspect as highly grammaticalized morphological morphemes, which not only fails to compare tense-aspect conveyed in both morphological morphemes and non-morphological morphemes but also can’t reveal the covert tendency of tense-aspect across languages. This paper, taking tense-aspect as functional category, describes various tense-aspect encoding types, tendency and cognitive motivation. The research results are as follows: (1) In the 78 languages of 14 language families, tense-aspect can be encoded through affix, particle, auxiliary, tone, antipassive and non-affix morpheme, but tense and aspect in many languages are not encoded only in one way. In some languages tense and aspect may be encoded mainly through particles or auxiliaries with affixes as supplement, while in other languages tense and aspect may be encoded mainly through affixes with particles or auxiliaries as supplement, and even in some other languages tense and aspect are not marked on the verbs but on the nouns and pronouns or the other elements of NP/DP. (2) In terms of the tendency, tense-aspect affixes tend to be suffixes either in VO or OV language type. Tense and aspect particles in either VO or OV languages tend to be positioned before the verbs, but the positions of tense and aspect auxiliaries are more limited, which tend to be positioned before the verbs in VO languages and to be positioned after the verbs in OV languages. Tense-aspect particles tend to be more popular than tense-aspect auxiliaries because particles cover more types of word class across languages. (3) Although tense-aspect encodings vary across languages, iconicity principle in cognition plays an important role in the relation between tense-aspect encodings and meanings in the languages in which tense and aspect are encoded through affix, auxiliary, antipassive and tone.

This paper, inspired by the concept of overall-extended close reading in literary criticism, puts forward two similar concepts in literary translation and literary translation criticism, namely, overall-extended close translating and close translation criticism, which place emphasis on the interaction between the part and the whole as well as the controlling role of the whole over the part (the whole mainly referring to a text as a whole). These two concepts, involving factors both inside and outside the text, such as social and cultural context, some inter-texts, text as a whole, and specific textual constituents, are illustrated and proven by the Chinese translation of the added subtitles of David Hawkes and John Minford’s translation of Hong Lou Meng (such as THE GOLDEN DAYS, THE WARNING VOICE, THE DREAMER WAKES etc added by the translators) published by Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press as well as other typical translation examples in literary translation. If a translator doesn’t have the awareness and ability of overall-extended close translating, he or she will never come up with such beautiful and suitable translations like the Chinese translation of D. Hawkes and J. Minford’s added subtitles of Hong Lou Meng. The practice of overall-extended translating in literary translation should follow wholeness principle as well as harmony principle. Moreover, similar phenomena of creative treasons in literary translation may be sufficiently explained within the framework of overall-extended translating which further presupposes the necessity of overall-extended translation criticism.

Based on a brief overview of the history of legal translation from English into Chinese, this paper reviews recent studies on the changes in Chinese legal language as a result of the influence of language contact, and analyses the challenges and opportunities in this field. The present research finds that previous studies mainly focused on legal translation activities and their influence on Chinese legal language in the late Qing dynasty and the early 20th century, with much emphasis on the study of legal language at the lexical level, including the source and formation of new legal terms, changes in their lexical meanings, and improper use of legal terms in English-Chinese translation. However, studies on changes in Chinese legal language in the contemporary context have been rare, and even less attention has been paid to the changes at the syntactic level. In addition, current studies have been based mainly on the qualitative approach to legal language without adequate evidence from a carefully-designed large corpus. It is suggested that a corpus-driven multi-level analysis from a diachronic perspective will provide more reliable data and contribute to exploring changes in Chinese legal language and figuring out the characteristics of Chinese legal language as influenced by language contact.

To learn from the foreign translators and study their translations is one of the efficient ways by which Chinese translators improve the quality of their translations and fulfill the historical task of disseminating Chinese culture globally. The translators of Chinese science and technology classics need to overcome the barriers of culture and time which are typically embodied by the gap between the textual features of Chinese science and technology classics and the expectations of target readers. Jingdezhen Tao Lu, as a typical example of Chinese science and technology classics, has the following textual features: co-existence of various versions which were edited irregularly in terms of modern academic norms, overflowing with a large number of terminologies resulting from synonymy, and preference for shortened forms. To cater to the needs of target readers, its translator Sayer adopted the strategy of foreignization which was realized by means of literal translation compensated by paratext annotations. Sayer’s English translation of Jingdezhen Tao Lu has been popular among western readers since its publication and is currently still influential in the western academic world. This shows that the combination of literal translation and paratext annotations employed by Sayer successfully bridges the gap between the textual features of Chinese science and technology classics and the expectations of target readers, and, therefore, is one of effective approaches which can be practiced in the translation of Chinese science and technology classics and the overseas dissemination of Chinese culture as well.

The composition of D. H. Lawrence’s travel writings has much to do with his ecological idealism. From the perspective of spatial criticism and based on Lawrence’s travel experiences abroad and the writing background of his three travel books of Italy, this paper attempts to explore in detail his regional ecological consciousness implied in his three travel writings of Italy, i.e., Twilight in Italy (1916), Sea and Sardinia (1921), Sketches of Etruscan Places (1932). The authors of this paper find that Lawrence’s representation of the heterogeneous space and his spatial imagination of the regional space and the primitive civilization fully convey his critique of western industrial civilization together with his reflection on the relationship between human beings and their living environment. With a detailed reading of the three travel writings, we arrive at a conclusion that, by contrasting the two different spatial existences, i.e. the modern Britain and the ancient Italy, one being a civilized society while the other being a natural “place”, Lawrence presents the reader with his unique ecological consciousness of space; Italy, as a unique and amazing geographical space free from civilized restrictions and mechanization, is an important writing resource for his literary ambition, which is likely to fulfill his Utopian ideal of seeking for a new future for western civilization that has suffered from the loss of originality and vitality ever since the overwhelming spread of industrialization. Hence, the authors of this paper argue that Lawrence’s trip to Italy is a spiritual primitive pilgrimage as well as a journey of self-discovery, which in a forceful way exhibits his deep eco-ethical concern.

Just as postmodernism dismantles the concept of absolute truth, Linda Hutcheon’s concept of the “narcissistic narrative” exemplifies the postmodern undermining of prior traditions. The need for a new way of looking at older historical forms makes Midnight’s Children a prime candidate for analysis in terms of narcissistic narrative, providing an example that explores new views of history. Based on three aspects of narcissistic narrative: the self-aware narratorial style, the reader participation invited by the text, and the new rules of literature invoked with the employment of narcissistic narrative, this paper intends to interpret the historical writing in Midnight’s Children through analyzing the subversion of traditional view of history, narrative form and form of truth carried out by the novel. Saleem Sinai, the narrator of Salman Rushdie’s Midnight’s Children, exemplifies narcissistic narrative, inviting the reader to participate in creating and discovering an alternative to the typical historical traditions of historical truth as merely recorded facts：memory and the process of recalling memories produces individual histories that overlap some aspects of recorded history yet remain unique, individual versions of history. This paper demonstrates that Rushdie undermines the conventional ideas of history and posits a multiple versions of history that are comprised of a chutnified mixture of individual memory and recorded fact, which is a typical post-modern philosophy of history.

After the Opium Wars, China was troubled by interior and exterior risks. To get rid of this situation, the Chinese government of the Qing Dynasty carried out the Self-Strengthening Movement by way of learning advanced technology from Europeans. However, lacking in foreign language training in traditional education system, few could take the responsibility of developing industries. So, inspired by Japan, advocates of the Self-Strengthening Movement established foreign language training schools and sent children to America simultaneously to foster talents for foreign language teaching and foreign affairs. Among these foreign language training schools, the School of Combined Learning is the first exemplary official one which only Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau can put itself in the same league during the same period. Among the students that studied in America, many of them took the career of developing industries, but few were devoted or related to translation, and they basically held office in the embassy or consulate, responsible for internal connection and external affairs between the Chinese government of the Qing Dynasty and foreign countries. In a word, the two approaches not only represented the prelude of sending students to study abroad and establishing foreign languages training schools by the government, and accelerated the formation of foreign language education mode in the period of Westernization Movement, as well as marked the inception of the foreign language education in modern China.