Cross-Linguistic Attributive Possession Encoding Devices

doi:10.12002/j.bisu.308

Abstract

Abstract:

This article investigates attributive possession encoding devices from a cross-linguistic perspective. The analysis groups attributive possession encoding devices into two categories: “simple method” and “complex method”, according to whether additional morphemes need to be added to express the relationship between possessor and possessed. The “simple method” category includes juxtaposition and tone inflection. The “complex method” includes possessive affixes, which are the most common method for expressing possession in the world’s languages. Languages that do not use affixes to express possessive structure typically use possessive pronouns or possessive adjectives. The findings are as follows: if a language encodes a distinction between alienability and inalienability, inalienable possessive relations are generally shown with an affix, while alienable possessive relations usually add other morphemes. Among possessive affixes, the majority are suffixes, most likely because the use of prefixes makes information processing more difficult. Some languages also use other methods to express possessive structure, such as locative, dative, and comitative case on nouns. The least frequent type of possessive is possessor classifiers, which are determined by the characteristics of the possessor. In most languages, there is no distinction between the possessive relation classifier and the possessum classifier. This is for two reasons: one is the close relationship between the possessum’s intrinsic features and its possessed ways; the other is the restriction of economy principle.

Keywords: attributive possession; encoding device; affix; possessive classifier

摘要：

本文从跨语言视角考察了名词性领属结构的编码方式。根据是否需要额外添加语素来表达领有者和被领有者的关系,本文将名词性领属结构的编码方式分为两类：简单方式和复杂方式。简单方式使用简单并置和音调变化,复杂方式使用领格附缀、领属代词、领属形容词以及领属分类词。研究发现：如果一种语言有可让渡与不可让渡的区分,那么一般不可让渡的领属关系倾向于使用附缀形式,而可让渡的领属关系通常需要添加其他语素。领属附缀以后缀居多,因为前缀的使用会增大信息处理难度。有些语言也用其他格形式（如处所格、与格以及伴随格）来表达领属结构。领有者的特征决定了领属分类词中领有者分类词的使用频次最低。核心名词的领有方式与内在特征密切相关,加上经济性原则制约,大部分语言不再区分领有关系分类词和被领有者分类词。

关键词: 名词性领属结构, 编码方式, 附缀, 领属分类词

CLC Number:

H030

Ge Nana. Cross-Linguistic Attributive Possession Encoding Devices[J]. Journal of Beijing International Studies University, 2020, 42(6): 44-67.

葛娜娜. 跨语言名词性领属结构的编码方式[J]. 北京第二外国语学院学报, 2020, 42(6): 44-67.

Figures/Tables 6

References 43

[1]	Abbott M. Macushi[C] //Derbyshire D C & Pullum G K. Handbook of Amazonian Languages Volume 3. Berlin/New York:Mouton de Gruyter, 1991: 135~140.
[2]	Aikhenvald A Y. Classifiers:A Typology of Noun Categorization Devices[M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
[3]	Aikhenvald A Y & Dixon R M W. Possession and Ownership[M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
[4]	Akhvlediani G C & Ordzonokidze V I. Grammar of the Ossetic Language[M]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Co., 1963.
[5]	Bascom B. Northern Tepehuan[C] //Langacker R W. Studies in Uto-Aztecan Grammar,iii:Uto-Aztecan Grammatical Sketches. Dallas:Summer Institute of Linguistics and University of Texas at Arlington, 1982: 267~315.
[6]	Bisang W. Classifiers,quantifiers and class nouns in hmong[J]. Studies in Language, 1993,17(1):1~51. DOI URL
[7]	Casad E. Cora[C] //Langacker R W. Studies in Uto-Aztecan Grammar:Southern Uto-Aztecan Grammatical Sketches. Dallas:Summer Institute of Linguistics and University of Texas at Arlington, 1982: 227~237.
[8]	Chappell H & McGregor W. The Grammar of Inalienability:A Typological Perspective on Body Parts Terms and the Part-Whole Relation[M]. Berlin/New York:Mouton de Gruyter, 1996.
[9]	Croft W. Typology and Universals[M]. 2nd Ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
[10]	Crowley T. The Paamese Language of Vanuatu[M]. Canberra:Pacific Linguistics, 1982.
[11]	Dahlstrom A. Plains Cree Morphosyntax[M]. New York: Garland Publishing, 1991.
[12]	Daniel M. Bagvalal[C] //Brill R. Endangered Languages of the Caucasus and Beyond. New York: Hotel Publishing, 2001: 148~152.
[13]	de Suarez Y L. Chichimeco jonaz[C] //Edmonson M S. Supplement to the Handbook of Middle American Languages:Linguistics. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1984: 22~28.
[14]	Dimmendaal G J. The Turkana Language[M]. Dordrecht:Foris Publications Holland, 1983.
[15]	Dixon R M W. Basic Linguistic Theory. Volume 2. Grammational Topics[M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
[16]	Dol P H. A Grammar of Maybrat:A Language of the Bird’s Head Peninsula,Papua Province,Indonesia[M]. Canberra:Pacific Linguistics, 2007.
[17]	Dryer M S. Order of genitive and noun[C] //Dryer M S & Haspelmath M. The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Leipzig:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 2013: 32~45.
[18]	Evans N D. A Grammar of Kayardild[M]. Berlin/New York:Mouton de Gruyter, 1995.
[19]	Friedländer M. Lehrbuch des Malinke[M]. Leipzig:Langenscheidt Verlag Enzyklopädie, 1992.
[20]	Gordon L. Maricopa Morphology and Syntax[M]. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.
[21]	Groves T R, Groves G W & Jacobs R. Kiribatese:An Outline Description[M]. Canberra:Australian National University, 1985.
[22]	Haiman J. Hua:A Papuan Language of the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea[M]. Amsterdam:J. Benjamins, 1980.
[23]	Hamel P J. A Grammar and Lexicon of Loniu,Papua New Guinea[M]. Canberra:Australian National University, 1994.
[24]	Heine B. Possession:Cognitive Source,Forces,and Grammaticalization[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
[25]	Kibrik A E. Archi[C] //Smeets R. The Indigenous Languages of the Caucasus. New York:Caravan Books, 1994: 310~312.
[26]	Kuipers A H. The Squamish Language,Grammar,Texts,Dictionary[M]. The Hague:Mouton, 1967.
[27]	Lichtenberk F. A Grammar of Manam[M]. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1983.
[28]	Martins S A. Analise da morfossintaxe da língua daw(maku-kama)e sua classificação tipologica[D]. Florianópolis, Brazil:Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 1994.
[29]	McGregor W B. The Expression of Possession[M]. Berlin/New York:Mouton de Gruyter, 2009.
[30]	Merdanova S & Daniel M. Konceptualizacija chisla v jazyke bez defektnyx chislovyx paradigm(agul’skij jazyk - izvne i iznutri)[C] //Narin’jani A S. Trudy Mezhdunarodnogo Seminara Dialog’2001 po Komp’juternoj Lingvistike i ee Prilozhenijam 1. Aksakovo,Bulgaria:[s.n.], 2001: 69~173.
[31]	Milner G B. Fijian Grammar[M]. Suva: Government Press, 1956.
[32]	Nichols J & Bickel B. Locus of marking in possessive noun phrases [C]//Dryer M S & Haspelmath M. The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Leipzig:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 2013a: 117~118.
[33]	Nichols J & Bickel B. Obligatory possessive inflection[C] //Dryer M S & Haspelmath M. The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Leipzig:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 2013b: 103~110.
[34]	Payne D I & Barshi I. External possession:What,where,how,and why[M] //Payne D I & Barshi I. External Possession. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Co., 1999.
[35]	Rodrigues A D. Tupí[C] //Dixon R M W & Aikhenvald A Y. The Amazonian Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999: 97~105.
[36]	Rumsey A. An Intra-Sentence Grammar of Ungarinjin,North-Western Australia[M]. Canberra:Australian National University, 1982.
[37]	Taylor J R. Possessive genitives in English[J]. Linguistics, 1989,27(4):663~686.
[38]	Yang T & Jerold E A. Kam[C] //Diller A V N,Edmondson J A & Luo Y. The Tai-Kadai Languages. Oxford and New York:Routledge, 2008: 515~525.
[39]	盖兴之. 基诺语简志[M]. 北京: 民族出版社, 1986.
[40]	胡增益. 鄂伦春语研究[M]. 北京: 民族出版社, 2001.
[41]	林优娜. 印尼语、汉语定语语序之对比研究[D]. 北京:北京语言大学, 2008.
[42]	刘丹青. 语法调查研究手册[M]. 上海: 上海教育出版社, 2008.
[43]	孙宏开, 胡增益, 黄行. 中国的语言[M]. 北京:商务印书馆, 2007.

序号	类型	数量
1	附从标志	98
2	附核标志	78
3	双重标志	22
4	无标志	32
5	其他	6
总计		236

序号	类型	数量
1	附从标志	98
2	附核标志	78
3	双重标志	22
4	无标志	32
5	其他	6
总计		236

分类词种类	数量
没有分类词	125
2种分类词	94
3~5种分类词	20
大于5种分类词	4
总计	243

分类词种类	数量
没有分类词	125
2种分类词	94
3~5种分类词	20
大于5种分类词	4
总计	243

语义	分类词	用例
普通	iyu	汽油、锤子、纸张、肥皂、桌子等
可食用1	yung	酱料：芒果酱、土豆泥、木薯泥
可食用2	tɑ̈’ma	鸡蛋、米饭、汤
可食用3	empa	带果肉没有榨汁的水果
可食用4	yo’/are	肉（加工或生的）：鱼肉、鸡肉、牛肉
可饮用/液体	uku	液体：咖啡、牛奶、血液等
动物	yiki	动物（家畜等）
交通工具	kanowa	船、卡车、飞机、汽车等
打猎工具	ko	矛、箭、叉
乐器	ntyën	提琴、吉他、笛子等
身体彩绘	yanoë	彩绘
衣物	po’	项链、T恤
容器	mara’pi	葫芦等
人造光	uyung	灯笼、手电筒
单独物品种类	ëwi’	房子
	tipi’	花园
	ichi’	吊床
拷贝型量词（repeater）^①（①又称反响型量词,指与被限定的名词或动词形式相同（或部分相同）的量词。）	pata	村庄
	chistë	短柄小斧
	wata	吹箭筒
	wa’to	火