Abstract: Polish realistic literature was born in the second half of the 19th century. It is well known that Poland was carved up and occupied by the three countries of Tsarist Russia, Prussia, and Austria, and it used to be suffered from a long national oppression. In January of 1863, the famous National Uprising of Polish People against Russian broke out at Warsaw, the capital of Poland which was occupied by Tsarist Russia at that time. Because of the influence of the uprising, the Russian occupiers announced the Emancipation of Serfs in the occupation area in the following year. The capitalism has developed rapidly after the Emancipation of Serfs in the Kingdom of Poland, but the national and class oppression was still very serious, some famous realist writers exposed the darkness of the reality comprehensively in their works. At the same time, they inspired and motivated the Polish people to fight against the oppressors in the spirit of national heroism in order to win the liberation of the Polish nation and Polish people. These writers advocated the ideas of patriotism and democratism in the series of classics in the history of Polish literature, it has great practical significance not only in Poland but also in today’s society.

Keywords: Positivism; Realism; Just war; representative figures of the emerging bourgeoisie

摘要： 波兰批判现实主义文学产生于19世纪下半叶，众所周知，这个国家当时被沙俄、普鲁士和奥地利三国瓜分和占领，曾长期遭受残酷的民族压迫。1863年1月，在当时被沙俄占领的波兰王国的首都华沙，爆发了著名的波兰人民抗俄民族起义，由于它的影响，沙俄占领者于翌年在他们的占领区宣布了农奴解放。波兰王国农奴解放后，资本主义迅速发展，但是这里的民族和阶级压迫依然十分严重，一些著名的现实主义作家的创作对黑暗的现实进行了全方位的深刻揭露，同时也以民族英雄主义的思想精神，鼓舞和激励波兰人民去和压迫者进行坚决的斗争，以赢得波兰民族和人民的解放。这些作家的一系列作品成为波兰文学史上的经典名著，宣扬了爱国主义和民主主义的思想观点，这在当时的波兰和今天的社会都有很大的现实意义。

关键词: 实证主义, 现实主义, 正义战争, 新兴资产阶级的代表人物